The vm core module allows compiling and running JavaScript code within specific V8 context scopes. While useful for creating isolated execution contexts, it is not a security sandbox. Untrusted code running in a vm context can easily escape by accessing constructors of objects passed into the context (e.g., this.constructor.constructor('return process')()), granting full access to the host Node.js process and system environment. Isolated execution of untrusted code requires dedicated process-level or container-level isolation (e.g., Docker, WebAssembly sandboxes, or isolated-vm).